Database Review

Gale Primary Sources: Archives Unbound

Overview: 

Archives Unbound is an extensive database of digital items from primary source material aimed explicitly toward history. In terms of search options, this database uses indexes such as keywords, author/creator, document title, and manuscript number. You can also utilize the advanced search feature to narrow it down to times such as newspapers, manuscripts, monographs, what collection the item is in, and dates before, on, after, and in between. It also allows for multiple rows of searching. Beyond this, it has a topic finder and a term frequency graph that curates the search results. Little information is provided about the project’s digitization, except on the main page through the distributor.

Facts:

Date Range: Spans from the Middle Ages to twentieth-century political history.

Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company

Publishers About Page: https://www-gale-com.mutex.gmu.edu/about

Object Types: Manuscripts, newspapers, monographs

Location of original material: Varies greatly, but some examples are Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, Cornell University Library, Library of Congress, and The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom).

Exportable image: Yes, PDF

Facsimile image: Yes

Full Text Searchable:  Yes, using OCR.

Title list links: https://go-gale-com.mutex.gmu.edu/ps/exploreCollections?userGroupName=viva_gmu&prodId=GDSC

History/Provenance:

Original Catalog: Yes

Digitized from microfilm: Some items

Original sources: Several different archives, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Library of Congress, and The United States National Archives.

Reviews: Glendale Library Arts and Culture and The Gale Review

Access: Available through institutional subscriptions, primarily through universities and public libraries.

Info from Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company

Other info: Comprehensive user guides are available, and sources are curated into specific topic areas.

Citing: The website provides an automatic citation tool that includes MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard styles. This can be found after clicking on each item you wish to view.

 

A Guide to Digitization

After reading and experimenting with digitization, I have learned many facts that dictate what can and can not be captured. Several aspects can be captured when using photography and images for digitization. First, if the item contains text, images can portray this to the viewer. Also, color can be captured through photography. Images convey an object’s two-dimensional aspects, showing the viewer a flattened view of the item.  In terms of video recording, other elements can be captured, such as the object’s sound and every side of the object. While this does not convey the full three-dimensional view of the object, it does give an understanding of all sides. Audio recordings can also capture the object’s sound without viewing it visually. While several aspects can be captured through digitization, several can not, as shown by the various activities. The first is texture; you can not physically feel an object in the digital form, so you can not determine its texture. Besides this,  digitization can not convey the smell of the object; it is impossible to decide on the scent through a digital platform. Finally, based on the kitchen photos and videos taken throughout this module, size is also tough to determine when digitizing. Size is primarily determined based on the objects in the photograph, which can be altered by zooming in or out. Therefore, digitization using images and videos can convey aspects such as color, dimensions for the most part, and sound. In contrast, these media platforms can not portray texture, smell, or accurate size.

What forms of digitization make sense with certain items indeed varies item by item. For documents or items, including text, photography makes the most sense. To be even more specific, optical character recognition (OCR) can be used to extract text from the book, manuscript, journal, or diary using the captured image of the text. Photography is also useful in digitizing paintings or drawings as these two-dimensional items are portrayed as such. Audio recording is the perfect form of digitization for oral histories, sound recordings, and music. Video captures not only the many sides of various objects but it can capture the sound with an image. Videography also captures the movement of fluid items, such as older films, performances, and oversized items that can not be wholly captured in photographs. Thus, different items require different forms of digitization based on several factors, which will portray the item the closest to its original form.

Based on the reading by Paul Conway and Melissa Terras, when working with digitized representations, one must consider several aspects, changing the perspectives of the items. The person must make several judgments when digitizing an item, as Conway portrays. First, should the item be portrayed in its original state with imperfections and in the original scene? Or should it be portrayed based on the photographer’s intent? As Terras shows, the digitization process is not only expensive and labor intensive but is also highly curated to social and political factors, which brings into question diversity.  Thus, when the person working with the original material makes the choice they do when digitizing, it creates hurdles for the viewer to determine the accuracy of the item being viewed and whether it can be used for the proposed purpose. What we see in a photo may look one way to us, but viewing the original item is entirely different. Objectivity in digitization is an essential piece that must be understood when using digital resources. Digitization is not merely taking a picture or video of an item. Many considerations are undertaken before and after the process are required throughout the process.

 

Europeana

Europeana

Rights Statement

Trying to move away from purely American public domain sources, Europeana provides research on European digital culture. In the collections funded by the European Union, one could find almost any type of media imaginable. Whether one is looking for manuscripts, artwork, consumer culture, or even the history of industrialization, Europeana provides directly curated collections. Not only does the website serve as a vast repository of public domain images, but it also provides essential media tools from key data sources. When researching media for my previous research projects, Europeana provided me with essential information and media on Queen Victoria from some of the most prestigious institutions.

Library of Congress

Library of Congress

Rights Statement

The Library of Congress’s free and reuse page creates an easy environment for scholarly research, including resources such as images, manuscripts, musical scores, films, and millions of other digital artifacts. Not only are the vast resources accessible, but they are either in the public domain or have been approved by the copyrighters for public use. This means that one can use the website without worrying about breaking copyright law. The Library of Congress website is also broken into research-grouped collections that provide the researcher with an extremely approachable means of conducting research. When searching for my research for my dissertation, I was able to find over forty thousand items to use.

 

 

Smithsonian

Smithsonian

Rights Statement

The Smithsonian website provides the public with millions of images, audio recordings, and three-dimensional and two-dimensional objects. Not only does the Smithsonian provide these resources through open-access media, but they also provide resources from their more than twenty museums and other valuable research resources. Beyond the vast amount of material provided, the Smithsonian also provides insights into historical subjects and cultural movements, and it even analyzes popular media throughout time. In terms of my own research on Victorian-era British pet ownership, I was able to find hundreds of images to use for future research. The Smithsonian website and its vast amount of resources provide free, accessible media tools for any research imaginable.

 

Prelinger Archives


Prelinger Archives

Rights Statement

In the Prelinger Archives, one can find a vast resource of films whether they be pertaining to advertising, educational, or even amateur films. Having more than thirty thousand items in their collection, one could find almost anything they want. If one is interested in historical war films or film examples from other countries. The collection dates all the way back to 1903 and has films that are from the present as well. Beyond the historical value of the Prelinger Archive, the preservation of culture is also present and can be shared freely in the public domain. Historians, educators, and researchers alike can use the many valuable resources.

 

 

NASA on The Commons

NASA on The Commons

Rights Statement

On this section of the website, Flickr, NASA on The Commons provides the public with many different media forms pertaining to the history of NASA. These images, videos, and films are offered free of use to the public for educational and news publication purposes. With various images ranging from the very beginning of space exploration to the present, this site seeks to inform everyone about the intricacies and complexity of space exploration. Beyond collections of each varying space mission, other collections include important subjects such as Women in Space and the multiple research centers that fueled NASA throughout the decades. They even have collections of photos of missions to Mars.

J Paul Getty Museum

J Paul Getty Museum

Rights Statement

This website provides images and other resources from the John Paul Getty Museum and Getty Center collections. Within these collections are art pieces from many different time periods, some dating all the way back to before the common era. One such piece is a sculpture of the god Hercules from Ancient Rome. Another is a painting by Vincent Van Gogh entitled Irises. The website provides images of several pieces of artwork for the public to engage and interact with. The over eighty thousand images of the artwork and other features provided by the Getty Museum are allowed to be shared by the general public through Creative Common License, which means they can share the importance of art through their images.